London’s Soap Industry and the Development of Global Ghost Acres in the Nineteenth Century

John Knight and Sons soap company, like other successful soap manufacturers in Greater London, grew during the nineteenth century by combining technological innovation and marketing to sell increasing quantities of a product the British public increasingly saw as a symbol of their advanced civilisation. They did not struggle with the ecological limits of their regional hinterlands to provide the raw materials, as they relied on growing quantities of tallow, rosin and other commodities supplied from overseas ghost acres. John Knight and Sons linked consumers to environmental transformations and large-scale colonial dispossession in Europe, the Americas and Australasia. Millions of sheep and cattle were raised on the abundant grasslands found on the Eurasian steppe, the Pampas, the Great Plains and in Australasia, many of which were killed and processed only for their tallow, skins or hides. Economic and environmental factors created significant instability in the global tallow supply, but the end result was greater quantities of cheaper tallow shipped to market in London. These global ghost acres made the nineteenth century success of John Knight and Sons and other major soap producers in Greater London possible

What is Active History?

The term Active History was coined through a collaborative brainstorming session, four people enjoying an early morning coffee in a Toronto cafe and thinking of a catchy term for a conference. If my memory is correct, we thought about “applied history,” and we thought about history that works for a better future. In the end, the two ideas were combined into our final conference name, “Active History: History for the Future.

A System Architecture for Temporally Oriented Data Management

Attention to the temporal aspects of data management has intensified in recent years,focusing on data models and related systems that are sensitive to the ubiquitous temporal aspects of data. Both the growing need for easier access to historical data, as well as the imminent availability of mass storage devices, are makingthis apromisingbranchof database research, both practically and theoretically. In this paper we summarize the main results of recent research on temporally sensitive data models, discuss the lessons learned in their development, and assess the prospects and dimculties involved in incorporating a temporal dimension into database management systems (TODBs). Inparticular, three system levels are identified: the external userview of the database; an intermediate view closer to the structure of an existing data model; and an internal or implementation view defined interms of low level data structures. This general architecture coherently incorporates a variety of related research results and development experiences, and serves as the framework for theoretical and implementation research into such system

Pathways to Friendship - Building Friendships One Person at a Time: An innovative two-year project to expand and improve the inclusion of people with IDD

For people with Intellectual and Developmental Disability (IDD), making friends and participating in the community can be a challenge. Pathways to Friendship (Pathways), is a collaboration between The Arc of Massachusetts (The Arc) and the Massachusetts Department of Developmental Services (DDS) with an evaluation component provided by The Center for Developmental Disabilities Evaluation and Research (CDDER). Pathways includes training and consultation to disability service organizations on approaches to improve community inclusion and establish friendships between people with and without IDD

Pathways to Friendship - Building Friendships One Person at a Time: An innovative two-year project to expand and improve the inclusion of people with IDD

For people with Intellectual and Developmental Disability (IDD), making friends and participating in the community can be a challenge. Pathways to Friendship (Pathways), is a collaboration between The Arc of Massachusetts (The Arc) and the Massachusetts Department of Developmental Services (DDS) with an evaluation component provided by The Center for Developmental Disabilities Evaluation and Research (CDDER). Pathways includes training and consultation to disability service organizations on approaches to improve community inclusion and establish friendships between people with and without IDD

A SHORT INTRODUCTION TO EXPERT SYSTEMS

Information Systems Working Papers Serie

DATABASE ACCESS REQUIREMENTS OF KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS

Knowledge bases constitute the core of those Artificial Intelligence programs which have come to be known as Expert Systems. An examination of the most dominant knowledge representation schemes used in these systems reveals that a knowledge base can, and possibly should, be described at several levels using different schemes, including those traditionally used in operational databases. This chapter provides evidence that solutions to the organization and access problem for very large knowledge bases require the employment of appropriate database management methods, at least for the lowest level of description -- the facts or data. We identify the database access requirements of knowledge-based or expert systems and then present four general architectural strategies for the design of expert systems that interact with databases, together with specific recommendations for their suitability in particular situations. An implementation of the most advanced and ambitious of these strategies is then discussed in some detail.Information Systems Working Papers Serie

The Cultural Common Sense of East End London, Poverty, and the Social

Major Research Paper for an MA in Histor